基于信用证的多式联运单据签发基本要求
发布日期:2009-11-10 文章来源:法律论文网 作者:居松南
UCP600就海运运输单据做出了基本规定,多式联运方式为最常见的运输方式,在这一点上,UCP600做了明确规定,这类规定几乎和海运提单以及海运单的要求相一致,本文仅作简要原则分析。
Article 19 Transport Document Covering at Least Two Different Modes of Transport
第十九条 至少包括两种不同运输方式的运输单据
a. A transport document covering at least two different modes of transport (multimodal or combined transport document), however named, must appear to:
a. 至少包括两种不同运输方式的运输单据(即多式运输单据或联合运输单据),不论其称谓如何,必须在表明上看来:
i. indicate the name of the carrier and be signed by:
i. 显示承运人名称并由下列人员签署:
• the carrier or a named agent for or on behalf of the carrier, or
承运人或承运人的具名代理或代表,或
• the master or a named agent for or on behalf of the master.
船长或船长的具名代理或代表。
Any signature by the carrier, master or agent must be identified as that of the carrier, master or agent.
承运人、船长或代理的任何签字必须分别表明承运人、船长或代理的身份。
Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier or for or on behalf of the master.
代理的签字必须显示其是否作为承运人或船长的代理或代表签署提单。
ii. indicate that the goods have been dispatched, taken in charge or shipped on board at the place stated in the credit, by:
ii. 通过下述方式表明货物已在信用证规定的地点发运、接受监管或装载
• pre-printed wording, or
预先印就的措词,或
• a stamp or notation indicating the date on which the goods have been dispatched, taken in charge or shipped on board.
注明货物已发运、接受监管或装载日期的图章或批注。
The date of issuance of the transport document will be deemed to be the date of dispatch, taking in charge or shipped on board, and the date of shipment. However, if the transport document indicates, by stamp or notation, a date of dispatch, taking in charge or shipped on board, this date will be deemed to be the date of shipment.
运输单据的出具日期将被视为发运、接受监管或装载以及装运日期。然而,如果运输单据以盖章或批注方式标明发运、接受监管或装载日期,则此日期将被视为装运日期。
iii. indicate the place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment and the place of final destination stated in the credit, even if:
iii. 显示信用证中规定的发运、接受监管或装载地点以及最终目的地的地点,即使:
a. the transport document states, in addition, a different place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment or place of final destination, or
a. 运输单据另外显示了不同的发运、接受监管或装载地点或最终目的地的地点,或
b. the transport document contains the indication "intended" or similar qualification in relation to the vessel, port of loading or port of discharge.
b. 运输单据包含“预期”或类似限定有关船只、装货港或卸货港的指示。
iv. be the sole original transport document or, if issued in more than one original, be the full set as indicated on the transport document.
iv. 系仅有的一份正本运输单据,或者,如果出具了多份正本运输单据,应是运输单据中显示的全套正本份数。
v. contain terms and conditions of carriage or make reference to another source containing the terms and conditions of carriage (short form or blank back transport document). Contents of terms and conditions of carriage will not be examined.
v. 包含承运条件须参阅包含承运条件条款及条件的某一出处(简式或背面空白的运输单据)者,银行对此类承运条件的条款及条件内容不予审核。
vi. contain no indication that it is subject to a charter party.
vi. 未注明运输单据受租船合约约束。
b. For the purpose of this article, transhipment means unloading from one means of conveyance and reloading to another means of conveyance (whether or not in different modes of transport) during the carriage from the place of dispatch, taking in charge or shipment to the place of final destination stated in the credit.
b. 就本条款而言,转运意指货物在信用证中规定的发运、接受监管或装载地点到最终目的地的运输过程中,从一个运输工具卸下并重新装载到另一个运输工具上(无论是否为不同运输方式)的运输。
c. i. A transport document may indicate that the goods will or may be transhipped provided that the entire carriage is covered by one and the same transport document.
c. i. 只要同一运输单据包括运输全程,则运输单据可以注明货物将被转运或可被转运。.
ii. A transport document indicating that transhipment will or may take place is acceptable, even if the credit prohibits transhipment.
ii. 即使信用证禁止转运,银行也将接受注明转运将发生或可能发生的运输单据。
在多式联运单据和联合运输单据上,UCP600首次将其列为第一种运输单据,这和现在的装箱运输的趋势相一致,完全采用港至港的运输方式已经不是主流的运输方式。UCP600就至少两种运输方式的运输单据至少有如下强行性的要求:
首先、在提单的出具人身份上作出了明确要求,UCP600要求此类单据必须显示系由承运人或船长签出具的提单。在实际签发人身份上要求非承运人或非船长的签字也必须显示其代理的承运人或船长的身份。从代理行为的法律特征来分析,代理是民法当中经常出现的民事法律行为,代理人在作出代理权限下的意思表示后,代理人的法律后果均由被代理人承担。UCP600要求代理人签发是显示被代理人身份,则相关当事方可明确找到该提单的实际出具人,从而为相关当事方维护自己的权利提供良好的基础。众所周知,现在航运业竞争激烈,货运代理、承运人、船东等之间有着复杂的法律关系,如果提单的签发人不能表明实际承运人的真实身份,将直接导致提单法律关系的混乱。
其次、运输单据上必须显示货物的状态。多式联运的运输单据下,承运人收到货物即应当履行将货物从相关地点发运至目的地的义务。所以此类单据在货物的状态上要求必须注明货物时否已经收到或者已经发运等时机状态。上述日期都将被视为提单的发运签发运输日期。
再次、在货物的装卸港等问题上采取了宽松的态度,只要运输单据上显示了信用证要求的相关发运地或目的地,都将被视为满足了信用证的要求。
在货物是否发生转运的问题上,多式联运单据的转运实际上出现最为频繁,从海路转陆路,再转其他的运输方式等,所以在多事联运的运输单据下禁止转运实际上时不可能的,也是和实际商务惯例相违背的。